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PART I: Pragmatic
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Pragmatic/Machinic: A Discussion with Fe'lix Guattari (19 March 1985) -- Charles J. Stivale, Wayne State University
For Michael Current
The following discussion with Fe'lix Guattari took place in his apartment in Paris. With the help of a number of friends, I had prepared a set of questions, and had contacted him to see if he might be available to answer some of them.\1 He responded immediately, and left messages with the friend in Paris in whose apartment I would be staying. Prior to the trip, I also had contacted Gilles Deleuze to arrange an extended interview, and although his schedule and health prevented him from agreeing to a long session, I did visit him at his apartment the night before the session with Guattari.
I met Guattari in his in the sixth _arrondissement_ apartment, near the Odeon, and we spent about three hours talking, then ran errands in the neighborhood, had lunch, and then continued talking for a few more hours. He was extremely generous with his time, more than willing to consider anything I threw his way, and as the reader will note, extremely patient. Shortly after the interview, I realized that I had overdone the barrage of prepared questions and topics to be treated and should have limited the subjects to a few that we could have perhaps considered in greater detail. Also, while preparing this exchange for distribution and publication, I have winced more than once upon re-reading some of the question/answer exchanges. Yet, despite having his patience tried, Guattari spoke entirely without reserve and even outlined quite extensively some of the elements of his ongoing work.
Although I tried to interest several journals in this interview in the following years, the its length as well as the notoriously "difficult" situation of Guattari for many North American critics combined to make this publication impossible. Only through Internet contacts on the Deleuze-Guattari List have I seen the demand for a more thorough and equitable account of Guattari's contributions to this collaboration with Deleuze and of his own highly speculative work. A decade later, some of the topics that we discussed are rather dated, but I have retained most of these in the text because they do shed light on Guattari's thinking, particularly on politics and culture. While I have also reviewed my translation, I have refrained from "regularizing" it too completely in order to leave intact as much of the spontaneity of Guattari's verbal pyrotechnics as possible.
Toward the end of our talk, the doorbell rang, and while Guattari answered, I excused myself for a few minutes. When I returned, he introduced me to a lean, greying man, Toni Negri, whose mail Guattari was receiving and who had an appointment with Guattari. I took my leave, and saw Guattari again only once, in 1990 in Baton Rouge at Louisiana State U, where he presented an edited version of his _Les trois e'cologies_ (The Three Ecologies).
I. Pragmatic
1. "Deleuze-thought"
CS: Referring to the front cover of _SubStance_ 44/45 (1984), once again the name "Gilles Deleuze" blocks out the name of F?lix Guattari. This blockage, that quite often occurs when someone refers to the schizoanalytic project, seems to correspond to the effect you emphasized in "Machine and Structure" (_Molecular Revolution_),\2 the effect of transforming a proper name into a common noun, i.e. erasing the individual. How do you react to these two effects, the blockage of your name and the "figuration" of Gilles Deleuze's name?
FG: I can't give you a simple answer because I think that behind this little phenomenon, there are some contradictory elements. There is a rather negative aspect which is that some people have considered Deleuze's collaboration with me as deforming his philosophical thought and leading him into analytical and political tracks where he somehow went astray. So, some people have tried to present this collaboration, often in some unpleasant ways, as an unfortunate episode in Gilles Deleuze's life, and have therefore displayed toward me the infantile attitude of quite simply denying my existence. Sometimes, one even sees references to _L'Anti-Oedipe or _Mille plateaux_ in which my name is quite simply omitted, in which I no longer exist at all.\3 So, let's just say that this is one dimension of malice of a political nature.
One could also look at this dimension from another perspective: one could say, OK, in the long run, "Deleuze" has become a common noun, or in any case, a common noun not only for him and me, but for a certain number of people who participate in "Deleuze-thought" (_la pense'e deleuze_) as we would have said years ago "Mao-thought". "Deleuze-thought" does exist; Michel Foucault insisted on that to some extent, in a rather humorous way, saying that this century would be Deleuzian, and I hope so.\4 That doesn't mean that the century will be connected to the thought of Gilles Deleuze, but will comprise a certain re-assemblage of theoretical activity vis-a-vis university institutions and power institutions of all kinds.
CS: What are your current projects, and don't you have a book which will appear soon on your clinical work?
FG: I have two books which are going to appear, a book with Toni Negri,\5 _Les nouveaux espaces de liberte'_ (The New Spaces of Freedom); then, a collection of articles dating from the last three or four years. I thought of calling it _Les anne'es d'hiver_ (The Years of Winter), but I don't know. Then there is a third collection which will be texts on schizo-analysis.\6
2. Molecular Revolutions in Europe
CS: You spoke to me earlier about the College International de Philosophie,\7 so what are your goals in this activity and your hopes for this institution, and in terms of the schizoanalytic enterprise, how do you understand your participation there?
FG: I warned you ahead of time: I don't understand it at all now! (Laughter)
CS: Right, you just mentioned that you no longer are involved there, that you no longer belong to the College?
FG: No. The people, not the founders, who have taken control of this institution, sometimes by means that recall more the life within small political groups than a self-respecting, purely scientific activity, the people who thus brought off this operation are not devoid of qualities quite generally, but have a conception of philosophy that, in my opinion, is traditional in its exercise and that therefore does not allow the construction of a new institution since, after all, the way they want to develop philosophical studies could be done entirely in the framework of existing university institutions.
CS: How do they understand philosophy?
FG: Well, you understand, this College de Philosophie, we had the idea, with a certain number of friends, Jean-Pierre Faye in particular, immediately after the arrival of the socialists in France in 1981. The idea was to develop completely new forms of collective reflection, particularly in the field of relationships between science and philosophy, art and philosophy, and for my part, in the domains of reflection about urbanism, education, health and psychiatric questions. It was therefore a conception, let's say, much closer to that of the Encyclopedists of the 18th century than to university philosophy as it has developed, and in my opinion, as it has dried up philosophy. So, instead of accepting the idea of a multi-polarity entirely necessary for the project as I just defined it, the present team, which took control of the College de Philosophie, created a sole central body that distributes transitory seminars, without much continuity, uniquely directed in the end toward subjects that recall an education in the history of philosophy, obviously with some interesting innovations, of course, but subjects that finally don't allow one to do anything more than present a complementary teaching. These subjects don't allow us to undertake or to establish research or "think" teams with people who are not in the university field of philosophy, therefore to develop a mediating or interfacing perspective in completely new ways.
So, Jean-Pierre Faye and I were entirely prepared to collaborate with these people devoted to this way of thinking, but provided that they had their precisely delimited territory and didn't attempt to invade and direct the College de Philosophie like a political bureau with a central committee whose general secretary would direct the so-called philosophical organizations. We have therefore decided to constitute something else, another European college of philosophy, hoping to have the means to realize its development.
CS: Given that you're considering a European college, what is happening in Europe as far as "molecular revolutions" are concerned? Are there any "molecular revolutions" taking place in Europe or in France?
FG: That's an interesting and embarrassing question at the same time because one might think, a lot of people think, that this whole dimension I called "molecular" -- this dimension of interrogation of the relationship between subjectivity and all kinds of things, the body, time, work, problems of daily life, all the becomings of subjectivity addressed by these molecular revolutions --, one might think that it was a passing phenomenon, connected to events of the '60s, to the new culture of the '60s, a flash in the pan, perhaps a dream, a fantasy, with no tomorrow. Today [1985], everything seems to have returned to order, and it's now the era of the new conservatism, something that you know quite well in the United States.
But, people like me who continue to think that, on the contrary, this movement continues, whatever the difficulties and uncertainties might be, we are taken either for visionaries or completely retro and unhinged. Well, I willingly accept this aspect, much more willingly than many other things, because basically . . . I think that, in '68, not much happened. It was a great awakening, a huge thunderclap, but not much happened. What has been important is what occurred afterward, and what hasn't ceased occurring ever since. Thus, the molecular revolutions on the order of the liberation of women have been very important in their scope and results, and they are continuing across the entire planet. I am thinking to some extent of what I encountered in Brazil, of the immense struggles of liberation of women that must be undertaken in the Third World.
There is at present a very profound upheaval of subjectivity in France developing around the questions of immigrants and of the emergence of new cultures, of migrant cultures connected to the second generations of immigrants. This is something that is manifested in paradoxical ways, such as the most reactionary racism we see developing in France around the movement of Jean-Marie Le Pen,\8 but also, quite the contrary, manifested through styles, through young people opening up to another sensitivity, another relationship with the body, particularly in dance and music. These also belong to molecular revolutions. There is also a considerable development, which, in my opinion, has an important future, around the Green, alternative, ecological, pacifist movements. This is very evident in Germany, but these movements are developing now in France, Belgium, Spain, etc.
So, you'll say to me: but really, what is this catch-all, this huge washtub in which you are putting these very different and often violent movements, for example the movements of nationalistic struggles (the Basques, the Irish, the Corsicans), and then women's, pacifist movements, non-violent movements? Isn't all that a bit incoherent? Well, I don't think so because, once again, the molecular revolution is not something that will constitute a program. It's something that develops precisely in the direction of diversity, of a multiplicity of perspectives, of creating the conditions for the maximum impetus of processes of singularization. It's not a question of creating agreement; on the contrary, the less we agree, the more we create an area, a field of vitality in different branches of this phylum of molecular revolution, and the more we reinforce this area. It's a completely different logic from the organizational, arborescent logic that we know in political or union movements.
OK, I persist in thinking that there is indeed a development in the molecular revolution. But then if we don't want to make of it a vague global label, there are several questions that arise; there are two, I'm not going to develop them, I'll simply point them out. There is a theoretical question and a practical question:
1) The theoretical question is that, in order to account for these correspondences, the "elective affinities" (to use a title from Goethe) between diverse, sometimes contradictory, even antagonistic movements, we must forge new analytical instruments, new concepts, because it's not the shared trait that counts there, but rather the transversality, the crossing of abstract machines that constitute a subjectivity and that are incarnated, that live in very different regions and domains and, I repeat, that can be contradictory and antagonistic. That is therefore an entire problematic, an entire analytic, of subjectivity which must be developed in order to understand, to account for, to plot the map of (_cartographier_) what these molecular revolutions are.
2) That brings us to the second aspect which is that we cannot be content with these analogies and affinities; we must also try to construct a social practice, to construct new modes of intervention, this time no longer in molecular, but molar relationships, in political and social power relations, in order to avoid watching the systematic, recurring defeat that we knew during the '70s, particularly in Italy with the enormous rise of repression linked to an event, in itself repressive, which was the rise of terrorism. Through its methods, its violence, and its dogmatism, terrorism gives aid to the State repression which it is fighting. There is a sort of complicity, there again transversal. So, in this case, we are no longer only on the theoretical plane, but on the plane of experimentation, of new forms of interactions, of movement construction that respects the diversity, the sensitivities, the particularities of interventions, and that is nonetheless capable of constituting antagonistic machines of struggle to intervene in power relations.
I really can't develop much for you on that; this is simply to tell you that there is at least a beginning of such an experimentation showing that this is not entirely a dream, not only mere formulae like I tossed them out ten, fifteen years ago; and this movement, I believe that it's the German Greens who are giving us not its model, but its direction, since the German model is of course not transposable. But it's true that the German Greens not only are people whose activity is quite in touch with daily life, who are concerned with problems relating to children, education, psychiatry, etc., who are concerned with the environment and with struggles for peace. They are also people who are now capable of establishing very important power relations at the heart of German politics, and who intervene on the Third World front, for example, having intervened in solidarity with the French Canaques,\9 or who intervene in Europe to develop similar movements. That interests me greatly, the multi-functionality of this movement, this departure from something that is a central apparatus with its program, its political bureau, with its secretariat. You see, I've returned again to the same terms I used when we were talking about the College de Philosophie.
CS: That is, the Greens seem to work on all strata, on both molar and molecular strata, of the Third World . . .
FG: Right, and on artistic strata and philosophical strata.
3. French Politics under Mitterand
CS: I'd like to continue the discussion in this political direction. You wrote an article last year entitled, "The Left as Processual Passion,"\10 and you spoke about several aspects of the current political scene. I'd like to know how you see this scene, not only from a political perspective, but from an intellectual one as well. For example, in this article, you spoke of Mitterand's government, and you said, "The socialist politicos settled into the sites of power without any re-examination of the existing institutions"; that Mitterand, "at first, let the different dogmatic tendencies in his government pull in opposing directions, then resigned himself to installing a tumultuous management team whose terminological differences from Reagan's 'Chicago Boys' must not mask the fact that this team is leading us toward the same kinds of aberrations." Could you develop these comments by explaining the resemblance that you see between Mitterand's and Reagan's politics?
FG: It is not exactly a resemblance. There is, let's say, a methodological resemblance which is that these are people, whatever their origins, their education, who have come to think that there was only one possible political and economic approach, which they deduced from economic indices, etc., the idea that they could govern on the basis of the existing and functioning economic axiomatic.
But, very schematically, here is how I see things: current world capitalism has taken control of the entirety of productive activities and activities of social life on the whole planet by succeeding in a double operation, an operation permeating world-wide (_de mondialisation_) that consisted in rendering homogeneous the Eastern State capitalistic countries and then a totally peripheral Third World capitalism in an identical system of economic markets, thus of economic semiotizations. This operation has completely reduced the possibilities; i.e. at the limit, we no longer have the dual relationship between imperialistic countries and colonized countries. All are at once colonized and imperialistic in a multi-centering of imperialism. This is quite an operation, that is, it's a new alliance between the deep-rooted capitalism of Western countries and the new capitalisms constituted by the "nomenclatura" of the Eastern countries and the kinds of aristocracies in Third World countries. One incident that I'll point out to you, which in fact would be entirely superficial, in my opinion, is lumping together Japanese capitalism with American and European capitalisms. For I have the impression that we have yet to understand that it's a completely different capitalism from the others, that Japanese capitalism does not function at all on the same bases. I don't want to develop this point, but it would be quite interesting to do so.
The other operation of this capitalism is an operation of integration, i.e. its objective is not an immediate profit, a direct power, but rather to capture subjectivities from within, if I can use this term.\11 And to do so, what better technique is there to capture subjectivities than to produce them oneself? It's like those old science fiction films with invader themes, the body snatchers; integrated world capitalism takes the place of the subjectivity, it doesn't have to mess around with class struggles, with conflicts: it expropriates the subjectivity directly because it produces subjectivity itself. It's quite relaxed about it; let's say that this is an ideal which this capitalism partially attains. How does it do it? By producing subjectivity, i.e. it produces quite precisely the semiotic chains, the ways of representing the world to oneself, the forms of sensitivity, the forms of curriculum, of education, of evolution; it furnishes different age groups, different categories of the population, with a mode of functioning in the same way that it would put computer chips in cars, to guarantee their semiotic functioning.
Yet, with this in mind, this subjectivity is not necessarily uniform, but rather very differentiated. It is differentiated as a function of the requirements of production, as a function of racial segregations, as a function of sexual segregations, as a function of _x_ differences, because the objective is not to create a universal subjectivity, but to continue to reproduce something that guarantees power with a certain number of capitalistic elites that are totally traditional, as we can witness quite well with Thatcherism and Reaganism. They aren't in the process of creating a renewed and universal humanity, not at all; they want to continue the traditions of American, Japanese, Russian, etc., aristocracies.
Thus, there is a double movement, of deterritorialization of subjectivities in an informational and cybernetic direction of adjacencies of subjectivity in matters of production, but a movement of reterritorialization of subjectivities in order to assign them to a place, and especially to keep them in this place and to control them well, to place them under house arrest, to block their circulation, their flows. This is the meaning of all the measures leading to unemployment, to the segregation of entire economic spaces, to racism, etc.: to keep the population in place. One of the best ways of keeping them in place would have been to develop politics of guilt such as those in the great universalist religious communities. But that didn't work too well, these politics of interiorization and guilt, which explains the collapse of theories like psychoanalysis. Now it's much more a systemic thought that asserts itself: it's a matter of creating systemic poles that guarantee that the functions of desire, functions of rupture of balance will manifest themselves the least possible. What is the best procedure? Much better than guilt is systematic endangering: you're sitting in a place, you might have a tiny functionary's job, you might be a top-level manager; that's not important. It's absolutely necessary that you are convinced that, at any moment, you could be thrown out of this job. That concerns the non-guarantees of welfare as well as the super-guarantees of the salaried professions, with their contracts, perquisites, dachas, etc. From this point of view, it's the same in Russia as in the United States. You are not guaranteed; you are not guaranteed by a connection, by a territory, by a profession, by a corporation; you are essentially endangered because you depend on this system which, from one day to the next, as a function of some requirement of production or simply some requirement of power or social control, might say to you: now, it's over. You might have been the biggest TV star with tens of millions of fans crazy about you, but in the next instant, all that could end immediately if there were any dissension that suddenly resulted in your no longer functioning in the register of functions we agree to promote for the production of subjectivity. So it's that kind of instrument, I believe, that gives this power to integrated world capitalism.
And so, in that case, what does a socialist government do when it comes to power in France? At the beginning, it thinks that it will be able to change all of that, it thinks that it will be able to change television, hierarchical relationships, relationships with immigrants, etc. And there is astonishment for six months during the grace period. And then, since it has no antagonistic instrument, no different social practice, no specific production of subjectivity, since the government is itself moulded by bureaucratization, by hierarchical spirit, by the segregation formed by the integrated model of capitalism, necessarily it discovers with astonishment that it can do nothing, that it is completely the prisoner of inflation, of mechanisms that render impossible the development of a production and a social life in such a country subjugated by the overall machinery of world capitalism. A guy I know well, sort of a friend, Jack Lang (the Minister of Culture), discovered this immediately: he made a few harmless statements, that might have passed totally without notice, at the UNESCO convention that I attended. Then he found that he had set off an explosion because he had dared to touch a tiny wire, a tiny wheel of this mechanism of subjectivation. He dared to say: after all, this American cinema is something that has taken much too great an importance vis-?-vis the potential Third World productions. There was a frightening scandal! He had to beat a retreat because he questioned, like during the Inquisition, he questioned fundamental dogma relating to this production of subjectivity.
CS: You have said about the socialist government that by committing itself to "an absurd one-upsmanship with the right in the area of security, of austerity and of conservatism," the left has not contributed "to the assemblage of new collective modes of enunciation." What collective modes of enunciation did you foresee?
FG: Listen, from 1977 to 1981, a group of friends and I organized a movement, that wasn't very powerful, but wasn't entirely negligible either, whose images I have here [FG indicates the different posters on his living room walls], that was called the Free Radio Movement.\12 We developed about a hundred free radio stations, an experimentation, a new mode of expression somewhat similar to what happened in Italy. Before 1981, the Socialists supported us; Francois Mitterand even came to some of our stations, and there was a lawsuit (I lost it, by the way, I lost quite a few). When they came to power, they created a committee on free radios; they undertook the most incredible machinations with their socialist militants, people who aren't directly venal in terms of money, but who are part of the venality of power, an administrative venality. To speak bluntly, they appointed their buddies, people who knew absolutely nothing about free radios. The result: at the end of two years, all the stations were dead, and all had been invaded, just like the invaders we were talking about, by municipal interests, by private capitalists, by the large newspapers who already had all the power, by other stations, that resulted in their quite simply killing the Free Radio Movement. I think that if a rightist government had remained in place, we would have continued to struggle and to achieve things. It sufficed that the socialists came to power in order to liquidate all that.
I've given you the example of free radios, but I can give you the example of attempts at pedagogical and educational renovations. They liquidated it all; no, not everything, since there are nonetheless some experimental high schools like Gabriel Cohn-Bendit's, one of my friends.\13 But after all, one sees clearly today, and I said this directly to Laurent Fabius [then Mitterand's Prime Minister], that Chevenement is the most conservative Minister of National Education that we have seen during the Fifth Republic. I could go on and on: in the domain of alternatives to psychiatry, there was an _incredible_ offensive of calumny, of destruction of the alternative network through the lawsuit undertaken against Claude Cigala, claiming that he had raped little boys, I don't know what else.
I could make a complete enumeration for all the potentialities; they weren't enormous, it wasn't May '68, but some beginnings, some new kinds of practices, compositions of new attitudes, of new assemblages, of all that have been systematically crushed. Not that the socialists did this voluntarily; they didn't realize what they were doing, that's the worst part! They didn't realize what they were doing!
CS: So, this failure of the left from a political perspective could be extended undoubtedly to the intellectual domain.
FG: Well, there, the failure has been total.
CS: You also said in this article, "A whole soup of supposed 'new philosophy,' of 'post-modernism,' of 'social implosion,' and I could go on, finally ended up by poisoning the atmosphere and by contributing to the discouragement of attempts at political commitment at the heart of the intellectual milieu."
FG: Well, the socialists weren't responsible for that; it had begun well before. But it's true that despite the sometimes considerable efforts by the Ministry of Culture, the result is quite nil in all domains. For example, in the domain of cinema, French cinema is alive from an economic point of view, but it doesn't at all have the richness of German cinema or other kinds because in this domain as well, the assemblages of enunciations remained entirely traditional, in the publishing houses, in the classical systems of production, etc.
CS: And your work in _change International_?\14
FG: They helped us a bit, at the beginning, and then they dropped us. This was, in my opinion, a very interesting and very promising undertaking, but we didn't have the resources, and as you know, for a journal with that kind of ambition, one has to have resources.
CS: So it no longer exists?
FG: No. Well, there is an issue coming out, we're still going to put out one or two issues, but what we wanted to create was a powerful monthly, international journal. Instead, the socialists spent billions to support stupidities like the _Nouvelles litt?raires_ journal. And I mean billions! It's shameful.
4. Deleuze-Guattari and Psychoanalysis
CS: Regarding the current intellectual scene, in a recent issue of _Magazine litte'raire_ (June 1983), D.A. Grisoni claimed that _Mille plateaux_ proves that "the desiring vein" has disappeared . . .
FG: Yeh, I saw that! (Laughter)
CS: . . . and he called Deleuze "dried up".\15 What do you think of this? What is your conception of the schizoanalytic enterprise right now, and what aspects of the two volumes of _Capitalism and Schizophrenia_ appear to you as the most valid?
FG: They're not valid at all! Me, I don't know, I don't care! It's not my problem! It's however you want it, whatever use you want to make of it. Right now, I'm working, Deleuze is working a lot. I'm working with a group of friends on the possible directions of schizoanalysis; yes, I'm theorizing in my own way. If people don't care about it, that's their business; but I don't care either, so that works out well.
CS: That's precisely what Deleuze said yesterday evening: I understand quite well that people don't care about my work because I don't care about theirs either.
FG: Right, so there's no problem. You see, we didn't even discuss it, but we had the same answer! (Laughter)
CS: Deleuze and I spoke briefly about the book by Jean-Paul Aron, _Les Modernes_.\16 What astounded me was that despite his way of presenting things, he really liked _Anti-Oedipus_. What particularly struck me in his statement about _Anti-Oedipus_ was that "despite a few bites, the doctor (Lacan) is the sacred precursor of schizoanalysis and of the hyper-sophisticated industry of desiring machines" (285). A question that one asks in reading _Anti-Oedipus_ is what is the place of Lacanian psychoanalysis in the schizoanalytic project. One gets the impression that you distance yourselves from most of the thinkers presented, but that Lacan has a rather privileged place to the extent that there is no rupture.
FG: In my opinion, what you are saying is not completely accurate because it's true in the beginning of _Anti-Oedipus_, and then if you look, en route, it's less and less true because, obviously, we didn't write at the end the same way as we did in the beginning, and then it's not true at all throughout _A Thousand Plateaus_, there, it's all over. This means the following: Deleuze never took Lacan seriously at all, but for me, that was very important. It's true that I've gone through a whole process of clarification, which didn't occur quickly, and I haven't finally measured, dare I say it, the superficial character of Lacan. That will seem funny, but in the end, I think that's how Deleuze and Foucault ... I remember certain conversations of that period, and I realize that they considered all that as rather simplistic, superficial. That seems funny because it's such a sophisticated, complicated language.?
So, I'm nearly forced to make personal confidences about this because, if I don't, this won't be clear. What was important for me with Lacan is that it was an event in my life, an event to meet this totally bizarre, extraordinary guy with extraordinary, crazy even, acting talent, with an astounding cultural background. I was a student at the Sorbonne, I was bored shitless in courses with Lagache, Szazo, I don't remember who, and then I went to Lacan's seminar. I have to say that it represented an entirely unforeseen richness and inventiveness in the university. That's what Lacan was; he was above all a guy with guts; you can say all you want about Lacan, but you can't say the contrary, he had no lack of guts. He possessed a depth of freedom that he inherited from a rather blessed period, I have to say, the period before the war, the period of surrealism, a period with a kind of gratuitous violence. One thinks of Gide's Lafcadio. He had a dadaist humor, a violence at the same time, a cruelty; he was a very cruel guy, Lacan, very harsh.
As for Deleuze, it wasn't the same because he acquired this freedom vis-a-vis concepts, this kind of sovereign distance in his work. Deleuze was never a follower of anyone, it seems to me, or of nearly anyone. I wasn't in the same kind of work, and it was important for me to have a model of rupture, if I can call it that, all the more so since I was involved in extreme leftist organizations, but still traditionalist from many perspectives. There was all the weight of Sartre's thought, of Marxist thought, creating a whole environment that it wasn't easy to eliminate. So, I think that's what Lacan was. Moreover, it's certain that his reading of Freud opened possibilities for me to cross through and into different ways of thinking. It's only recently that I have discovered to what extent he read Freud entirely in bad faith. In other words, he really just made anything he wanted out of Freud because, if one really reads Freud, one realizes that it has very little to do with Lacanism. (Laughter)
CS: Could you specify in which writings or essays Lacan seems to read this way?
FG: The whole Lacanian extrapolation about the signifier, in my opinion, is absolutely un-Freudian, because Freud's way of constructing categories relating to the primary processes was also a way of making their cartography that, in my opinion, was much closer to schizoanalysis, i.e. much closer to a sometimes nearly delirious development -- why not? -- in order to account for how the dream and how phobia function, etc. There is a Freudian creativity that is much closer to theater, to myth, to the dream, and which has little to do with this structuralist, systemic, mathematizing, I don't know how to say it, this mathemic thought of Lacan. First of all, the greatest difference, there as well, is at the level of the enunciation considered in its globality. Freud and his Freudian contemporaries wrote something, wrote monographies. Then, in the history of psychoanalysis, and notably in this kind of structuralist vacillation, there are no monographies. It's a meta-meta-meta-theorization; they speak about textual exegesis in the _n_th degree, and one always returns to the original monography, little Hans, Schreber, the Wolf Man, the Rat Man.\17 So all that is ridiculous. It's as if we had the Bible, the Bible according to Schreber, the Bible according to Dora. This is interesting, this comparison could be pushed quite far. I think that there is the invention of the modelization of subjectivity, an order of this invention of subjectivity that was that of the apostles: it comes, it goes, but I mean that it's moving much more quickly now than at that time, i.e. we won't have to wait two thousand years to put that religion in question, it seems to me.
CS: It also seems to me that there are many more apostles who have betrayed their master than apostles who betrayed Jesus.
FG: I was thinking more of the apostles, I see them more as Freud's first psychoanalyses; then, it's the Church fathers who are the traitors. Understand, with the apostles, there is something magnificent in Freud, he's like a guy who has fallen hopelessly in love with his patients, without realizing it, more or less; a guy who introduced some very heterodoxical practices, nearly incestuous when you think of what was the spirit of medicine at that period. So, he had an emotion, there was a Freudian event of creation, an entirely original Freudian scene, and all that has been completely buried by exegesis, by the Freudian religions.
CS: A few minutes ago, you mentioned Foucault. I asked Deleuze this question about Foucault yesterday evening: what are your thoughts on Foucault nearly a year after his death? How do you react to this absence, and can we yet judge the importance of Foucault's work? FG: It's difficult for me to respond because, quite the contrary to Deleuze, I was never influenced by Foucault's work. It interested me, of course, but it was never of great importance. I can't judge it. Quite possibly, it will have a great impact in different fields.\18
CS: Deleuze told me something very interesting: he said that Foucault's presence kept imbeciles from speaking too loudly, and that if Foucault didn't exactly block all aberrations, he nonetheless blocked imbeciles, and now the imbeciles will be unleashed. And, in terms of Aron's book, _Les Modernes_, he said that this book wouldn't have been possible while Foucault was alive, that no one would have dared publish it.
FG: Oh, you think so?
CS: I really don't know, but in any case, when it's a matter of machinations on the right . . .
FG: It's certain that Foucault had a very important authority and impact.
5. The Americanization of Europe
CS: There's another question I want to return to. In terms of capitalism in the world, I'd like to consider the question of the Americanization that penetrates everywhere, for example, the "Dallas" effect. There is even a French "Dallas", "Chateauvallon" . . .
FG: It's not bad either. It's better than "Dallas," I find.
CS: Of course, for the French. But when you like J.R. . . .
FG: That's true. J.R. is a great character, quite formidable.
CS: But what strikes me in your writing, especially in _Rhizome_,\19 is the impression of a kind of romanticism about America, references to the American nomadism, the country of continuous displacement, deterritorialization . . .
FG: Burroughs, Ginsberg . . .
CS: Right, and one gets the impression of a special America, and we Americans who read your texts, we know our America, and here in France, as a tourist this time, I see the changes, the penetration of our culture that has occurred over the last few years, the plastification, the fast food restaurants everywhere . . .
FG: Ah, it's incredible. And in the popular social strata, among the youth, they babble this kind of slang, they've completely identified with it, it's incredible. It's all over Europe, everywhere, the linguistic phenomenon of the incorporation of American rock. It's really surprising.
CS: So there are two conceptions of America: this nomadic conception which you present in your works, but that is finally a romantic conception in light of the practice of Americanization, the penetration of America and, of course, of capitalism. It seems that one does not go with the other, so how do you explain this difference? It's not really a contradiction, but simply a distance between two conceptions of America.
FG: Well, that's complicated. I'm not very clear about that because . . . I went to America occasionally, especially during the '70s, and then afterwards, during the '80s, I've gone to Japan, to Brazil, and to Mexico a lot, and I've no longer wanted to go to the United States. I haven't considered it well, I haven't understood why.
You know, it's not certain that this is a romantic vision. Americans are often jerks; they have a pragmatic relationship with things; they are dumb, and sometimes, this is great because they don't have any background as compared to Europeans, Italians, but there is an American functionalism that makes us pass into this a-signifying register, that transports a fabulous creationism, fabulous anyhow in the technical-scientific domain, because they are really a scientific people; they don't look for complications, it works or it doesn't, they move on to something else.
I met an American last summer, I was in California, at Stanford, I don't know where. I was on a tour to study the problems of mental health, a mission for the Ministry of Exterior Affairs. Americans are people who receive you very well, who take time to talk, which isn't the case here, not the same kind of welcome. So, each person that I met gave me an hour for discussion, and there, this young psychiatrist explained what had happened after the Kennedy Act, the liquidation of the big psychiatric hospitals and the establishment in his sector of half-way houses, a kind of day hospital to replace the big hospitals. He made a diagram chart, I remember, there was a graph with double entries, there were all the dimensions of these establishments, a remarkable organization of what had been developed. So, he finished presenting all that to me, and then the conversation finally ended, but there still remained ten minutes because we had an hour for our discussion, so there was no reason to leave. And I asked him a final question: "And so, how did all that work? What was the result?" He broke out laughing: "Nil. Zero. It didn't work at all!" I said: "Oh, really?" He said: "Yes, it's just a program we made, but it didn't work at all!" That was like a thunderbolt for me that this guy had made this entire development, and then it didn't work, so let's do something else. We see this well in Bateson's work: he makes a program on something, it works, but that doesn't matter, they move on to something else because they were on contract.\20 That's what I find to be the marvelous a-signifying freedom, going on to something else, going on to something else. They massacre Vietnamese for years, then afterwards, oh, well, no, that was stupid, let's go on to something else.
So I wonder if that isn't the rather invading, yankee side of Americans that makes us ask what they're up to, what they're looking for. But one shouldn't try too hard to discover what they're looking for or what they're up to. It's the same for the Japanese, but with an entire background of mysticism, of religiosity, that also exists in the United States, but without being structured the same way.
CS: But where could we insert this question of nomadism? We have this "go on to something else" nomadism, so perhaps that's it, Kerouac, going on to something else . . .
FG: And next, and next, and next, constantly, constantly, and now, and now.
CS: . . . but his kind of incessant deterritorialization only exists in extreme cases, so to speak.
FG: But, no, that's not true. Jean-Paul Sartre, when he made his trip to America -- that must have been in 1947 or thereabouts -- wrote a magnificent article about American cities. He explained that American cities aren't cities in the European sense, i.e. they have no contours. They are crisscrossed by avenues, they have no limit. In my terminology, this means that these are deterritorialized cities. America is entirely deterritorialized. "Deterritorialized" means that instead of having obstacles or having land, things, curves, there are lines, trains, planes, everything crossing, everything sliding, demographic flows sliding everywhere, and on top of that, there are extraordinary reterritorializations. Henry Miller in Brooklyn, Faulkner in a certain sense, because for Faulkner, to what extent isn't it a misreading to situate him as an archaic writer of American life? Isn't he rather a mythical reterritorialization about deterritorialized America? We'd need to debate that; I'm not able to undertake it about Faulkner. Anyway, how does one make oneself a body without organs, how does one make oneself a little territory, a life, a warmth, a childhood, in this American mess, in this whole mishmash spread out all over? Look at the extraordinary poetry of shop windows in New York! You know the shop windows in France or in Italy. But there, in New York, most of the windows speak, even on the main streets where you have side by side expensive windows and then places where you find piles of any old thing; one finds there a kind of accumulation of vistas like that, where there are marvelously beautiful things from an architectural perspective, and then there is a dump, a maximum and then a mess.
CS: I do understand the difference between cities, the constant sliding across territorialities between city and suburb. But quite simply, this invasion, the body snatchers, America as body snatcher, the grip of capitalism in other countries, for me . . . well, perhaps that all belongs to the same process of deterritorialization: there is no territory, either in individual existence or in capitalistic flows: they invade everything, everywhere, everybody, everywhere in the world, without limits, without borders, crossing and invading France.
FG: But don't you think that this deterritorialization, catastrophic from many perspectives, is precisely the occasion for extraordinary reterritorializations? That is, it's difficult to make oneself a territory on the moon, really; it's more complicated than going out to the French countryside. America is a bit like the moon, it's very complicated, and precisely these traits create a difference from the Japanese as well because the Japanese have means of reterritorialization, a very ancient civilization, they have insignia, emblems of this reterritorialization, corporal techniques, etc. Whereas there, in America, they are forced to re-invent everything, these kinds of continental Galeries Lafayette, anything. So that becomes a formidable exercise: to create music with a tradition of religious music is difficult, but creating music with just anything, like that, with these piles of metal, it's something else altogether. And when they succeed, it's fantastic.
But look: take the American mystery novel whose basic material is all this deterritorializing trivia, and look at what warmth of intimacy, of suspense, of subjectivity that you grab to stay warm, to sleep, to feel good, to feel sheltered; it's really something. With what do they create that? What are they talking about? These aren't tales of chivalry. American cinema as well has a lot of that: look at the power of American culture to produce a more than tolerable and comfortable subjectivity, warm, passionate, exciting, in this pile of metal, this heap of shit, this load of stupidities, as I said earlier. Isn't that really quite a feat? It's nonetheless a civilization that has created some extraordinary forms of subjectivation. Jazz ... do you realize? Jazz has a great impact on the level of world culture. Line up cinema, jazz, the mystery novel. I'll leave painting aside because I find that, in the long run, it's not a very noticeable success because it really belongs to capitalistic deterritorialization, seriously, with some exceptions, but for me, it's really a lot less convincing.
CS: I think that the problem for me is that I'm too close to daily life in the States, and I see so much stupidity in all these areas. In cinema, one constantly sees exploitation of the body, of the individual. In music, there is so much shit . . .
FG: That's true; when one hears the classical music that people listen to in the United States, it's overwhelming. Won't you ever get fed up with Rachmaninoff, Tchaikovsky, and all that . . .?
CS: I was really thinking about popular music, where all that might happen, where changes did occur during the '70s. But what always strikes me is that the music comes from England to invade America, and then America reterritorializes what the English do, and they lose everything. That began with the colonies and continues today. But, perhaps its my own problem, being too close to this daily life, and not being able to see this abstract machine which you are outlining. But, on the other hand, the reproach made by friends who read _A Thousand Plateaus_ and other works is really that in regards to American nomadism, this deterritorialization, they'd like to believe in it, but isn't the general schizoanalytic enterprise in the long run a utopic dream without any future?
FG: I'm sorry to interrupt you, but in any case, the idea of a utopic dream just doesn't hold water. A dream is necessarily utopic, in any case. We participated a little in that America, that kind of New West. It was our dream, our very own America. You are telling me that it's not yours! I find that fascinating, but you aren't going to reproach me for having dreamt my dream! You have a whole generation of American writers who created a dream about Europe, about Greece, who landed here like these were colonies, but I'm not going to reproach them for having perceived in their own way, "what is this Europe you saw here?", that's just not possible! What one has to know is: has it been useful for you that we had that dream? has it been useful for us that you had that dream, that some American writers had a particular dream about Europe before the war? For me, yes, that certainly was useful. I haven't looked at Europe in the same way because there is this deterritorialized vision by relay from American writers. Miller's vision of Paris, for me, is enormous, is fundamental! I'm sorry that Deleuze and Guattari's vision of the United States hasn't been at all useful for you, but we can't all have the same talent as Miller! (Laughter)
6. Left and Right Readings of Deleuze-Guattari
CS: That's not at all what I said, but it's a question that comes from a friend who is working on _Anti-Oedipus_ and is waiting for the translation of _Mille plateaux_ . He is trying to use the developments of schizoanalysis in his work on the philosophy of communication, how effects of communication are produced on sociological as well as philosophical levels. So, he is attempting to present this thought, and his students, from another generation of thinkers, reveal a certain cynicism that dominates all Western societies, not only in the United States, but a cynicism that sees Marxism, or any thought attempting to outline a theory and a practice, merely as being a utopic dream finally leading nowhere.
FG: But that all belongs to the same reactionary stupidity, it's the Restoration, the great Restoration. That's not really important because other generations will soon discover, will soon say, "Oh, that's right . . ." That's the dregs of history, it's valueless. But that still doesn't prove that there isn't a potential America, an America of nomadism. Some people still exist . . . I was thinking of Julian Beck, of Judith Molina, the former members of the Living Theater. Just because they've been completely marginalized is no reason to ignore their existence. They still exist nonetheless.
CS: There's another reproach made about _Anti-Oedipus_, and you might lump it together with the previous objection, regarding a kind of recuperation of schizoanalytic thought by the right. There was recently an article in _Le Nouvel Observateur_,\21 an article about a book by Michel Noir, _1988. Le grand rendez-vous_, where he uses _Mille plateaux_ and a book by Prigogine as the organizing model for a new rightist thought.
FG: Oh, really? I didn't know about it. Do you have it there?
CS: Yes. [Guattari peruses the article] So here are two kinds of reproach: in the States, some people think that here is a thought that merely boils down to a utopic dream, and others say, right, but this schizoanalysis is a thought without any ideological specificity, if you will; that is, either the left or the right can make use of it. It's this question of the tool box: a little earlier, when I questioned you about the use of schizoanalysis, you said, yes, in the end, I continue to work, and what people do with schizoanalysis doesn't interest me, they can take it or leave it, but I'm busy with our work. That's all well and good, but here is French neo-liberalism, a rightist intellectual using it. Still again, that may not matter at all to you...
FG: Oh, not at all because what does it mean to attach a name like that, to hook our names onto it as a reference? Is it true, does it correspond to anything? It's quite simply a paradox. And then there is another aspect of this thing: this left-right split is absolutely evident in social struggles, in power relations, as shown in the current reactionary upheaval, the rise of racism. But on the level of thought, it's not at all clear. Let's take a very simple example, the example of schools: I'm for free schools,\22 not free schools run by priests, but I'm for the liberation of schools, I'm in favor of dismantling national education, etc. So, is this a theme of the right or the left? A while ago, Gerard Soulier, a law professor who organized a prisoners' review on culture in prisons, did a study on drugs, and he quoted me as explaining that I was for the elimination of all repression of the spread of drugs since that was the best way to avoid an escalation of dealers, of criminality, etc., and right beside this, he placed an identical statement word for word from Milton Friedman! Understand?
*********
Notes [for section 1, "Pragmatic"]
\1 For helping me formulate many of the questions examined in this discussion, I must thank Jack Amariglio, Serge Bokobza, Rosi Braidotti, Peter Canning, Stanley Gray, Lawrence Grossberg, Alice Jardine, Charles D. Leayman, Vincent Leitch, Stamos Metzidakis, and Paul Patton. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Committee on Grants of Franklin and Marshall College for the research support which it awarded me for this interview project.
\2 The issue of _SubStance_ in question that I guest-edited, entitled "Gilles Deleuze", includes articles that discuss works by Deleuze *and* Guattari, particularly _Mille plateaux_. The collection of translated essays, _Molecular Revolution: Psychiatry and Politics_, trans. Rosemary Sheed (New York: Penguin Books, 1984), is a selection of Guattari's essays first published in _Psychanalyse et transversalite'_ (Paris: Maspero, 1972) and _La Re'volution mole'culaire_ (Fontenay-sous-Bois: Recherches, 1977). For an overview of Guattari's works in light of this translation, see Charles J. Stivale, "The Machine at the Heart of Desire: Fe'lix Guattari's _Molecular Revolution_," _Works and Days_ 4 (1984): 63-85.
\3 _L'Anti-Oedipe: Capitalisme et Schizophre'nie_, I (Paris: Minuit, 1972), published in English as _Anti-Oedipus_, trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane (New York: Viking, 1977; Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1983), henceforth abbreviated AO; _Mille plateaux: Capitalisme et Schizophre'nie_, II (Paris: Minuit, 1980), published in English as _A Thousand Plateaus_, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987), henceforth abbreviated ATP.
\4 Michel Foucault, "Theatrum Philosophicum," _Critique_ 282 (November 1970), 885, trans. Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon, _Language, Counter-Memory, Practice_ (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1977) 165-196.
\5 With Toni Negri, _Les Nouveaux espaces de liberte'_ (Paris: Dominique Bedou, 1985); _Communists Like Us_, trans. Michael Ryan (New York: Semiotext(e), 1990), that includes an original "Postscript, 1990" by Toni Negri (but omits Guattari's "Des liberte's en Europe" (On Freedoms in Europe) and Negri's "Lettre arche'ologique" (Archeological Letter) to Guattari. Antonio Negri is the Italian intellectual accused of complicity in the Aldo Moro affair and of being the chief of the Red Brigade. Jailed under preventive detention in 1979, Negri was freed after four and one-half years in prison thanks to a vote by Italian electors. However, Negri's immunity was subsequently revoked by the Italian Congress, and at the time of the interview, he was a fugitive living in exile. See "Italy: Autonomia," _Semiotext(e)_ 3.3 (1980), and Negri's "Un philosophe en permission," _change International_ 1 (1983):62-64.
\6 _Les anne'es d'hiver, 1980-1985_ (Paris: Bernard Berrault, 1986). The "third collection" is no doubt _Cartographies schizoanalytiques_ (Paris: Galile'e, 1989), abbreviated henceforth Cs.
\7 For a discussion of the foundation of this College, see Steven Ungar, "Philosophy after Philosophy: Debate and Reform in France Since 1968," _enclitic_ 8.1/2 (1984): 13-26.
\8 Le Pen is the leader of the French National Front party.
\9 The "Canaques" are the native residents of the French colony of New Caledonia who were seeking the independence promised by Francois Mitterand during his 1981 electoral campaign.
\10 "La Gauche comme passion processuelle," _La Quinzaine litte'raire_ 422 (1 August 1984), p.4 (my translation); reprinted in _Les anne'es d'hiver_ 51-54.
\11 See ATP ch.13, "7000 B.C. - Apparatus of Capture" for further development of this concept; on "cartographies of subjectivity," see _Cartographies schizoanalytiques_ 47-52, and "on the production of subjectivity," see _Chaosmose_ (Paris: Galile'e, 1992) 11-52. A slightly modified version of _Chaosmose_'s second chapter has been published as "Machinic Heterogenesis," trans. James Creech, in _Rethinking Technologies_, ed. Verena Andermatt Conley (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1992) 13-27.
\12 For an introduction to the relationship between this political activity and the Italian "autonomia" movement, see "Italy: Autonomia," _Semiotext(e)_ 3.3 (1980).
\13 Brother of Danny "The Red" Cohn-Bendit. See Susan Brownmiller's "Danny the Red Is a Green," _Village Voice_ (June 4, 1985): 1-22.
\14 Guattari was a member of the editorial group of this renewed version of the earlier journal, _Change_.
\15 D.-A. Grisoni, "La Philosophie comme Enfer," _Magazine litte'raire_ 196 (June 1983):78.
\16 Jean-Paul Aron, _Les Modernes_ (Paris: Gallimard, 1984). Touted as a collection of memoirs "to do away with the master-thinkers" (_pour en finir avec les maitres `a penser_), this book contains several vicious attacks on various French intellectual figures.
\17 See AO ch.2, "Psychoanalysis and Familialism: The Holy Family", and ATP ch.2, "1914 - One or Several Wolves?".
\18 However, only two months later, in May 1985, Guattari would present an address in homage of Foucault at a Milan conference. Published in _Les anne'es d'hiver_ as "Microphysique des pouvoirs, micropolitique des de'sirs" (207-222), the essay begins: "Having had the privilege of seeing Michel Foucault adapt a formula that I had thrown out rather provocatively, stating that concepts are, after all, only tools and that theories are the equivalent of tool boxes containing them -- their power hardly surpassing the services that they render in specific fields and within inevitably circumscribed historical sequences --, you won't be surprised to see me dig today inside the conceptual array that he has bequeathed to us, in order to borrow from him certain instruments and, if need be, to adapt their use for my own purposes. I am convinced, in any case, that it was always in this manner that he understood how we would manage his contribution" (207-08).
\19 Gilles Deleuze and Fe'lix Guattari, _Rhizome: introduction_ (Paris: Minuit, 1976), ATP's introductory chapter, as "Introduction: rhizome."
\20 Deleuze and Guattari derive the concept of "plateau" from Gregory Bateson's _Steps to an Ecology of Mind_ (New York: Ballantine, 1972) 113; cf. ATP 6-7, 158.
\21 Gilles Anquetil, "Dernier Cri du Pret-`a-Penser: Le Ne'olibe'ralisme," _Le Nouvel Observateur_, 1032 (17 August, 1984). My thanks to Alice Jardine for pointing out this reference.
\22 In other words, Guattari supported an experimental, Summerhill-like approach to education as opposed to the hierarchized, State-supported system in the lay (or _l'ecole libre_) domain.
PART TWO:
Pragmatic/Machinic: Discussion with Fe'lix Guattari (19 March 1985) Charles J. Stivale, Wayne State Univerity II. Machinic
1. "Minor literature" 2. _A Thousand Plateaus_: A "speculative cartography" 3. _A Thousand Plateaus_: "Becoming-woman" 4. _A Thousand Plateaus_: The "Body without organs" 5. _A Thousand Plateaus_: Modes of encoding & a-signifying semiotics 6. _A Thousand Plateaus_: The "war machine" and "striated" vs. "smooth" space
+ Notes
********
Pragmatic/Machinic: A Discussion with Fe'lix Guattari (19 March 1985), Charles J. Stivale, Wayne State University
For Michael Current
The following discussion with Fe'lix Guattari took place in his apartment in Paris. With the help of a number of friends, I had prepared a set of questions, and had contacted him to see if he might be available to answer some of them.\1 He responded immediately, and left messages with the friend in Paris in whose apartment I would be staying. Prior to the trip, I also had contacted Gilles Deleuze to arrange an extended interview, and although his schedule and health prevented him from agreeing to a long session, I did visit him at his apartment the night before the session with Guattari.
I met Guattari in his in the sixth _arrondissement_ apartment, near the Odeon, and we spent about three hours talking, then ran errands in the neighborhood, had lunch, and then continued talking for a few more hours. He was extremely generous with his time, more than willing to consider anything I threw his way, and as the reader will note, extremely patient. Shortly after the interview, I realized that I had overdone the barrage of prepared questions and topics to be treated and should have limited the subjects to a few that we could have perhaps considered in greater detail. Also, while preparing this exchange for distribution and publication, I have winced more than once upon re-reading some of the question/answer exchanges. Yet, despite having his patience tried, Guattari spoke entirely without reserve and even outlined quite extensively some of the elements of his ongoing work.
Although I tried to interest several journals in this interview in the following years, the its length as well as the notoriously "difficult" situation of Guattari for many North American critics combined to make this publication impossible. Only through Internet contacts on the Deleuze-Guattari List have I seen the demand for a more thorough and equitable account of Guattari's contributions to this collaboration with Deleuze and of his own highly speculative work. A decade later, some of the topics that we discussed are rather dated, but I have retained most of these in the text because they do shed light on Guattari's thinking, particularly on politics and culture. While I have also reviewed my translation, I have refrained from "regularizing" it too completely in order to leave intact as much of the spontaneity of Guattari's verbal pyrotechnics as possible.
Toward the end of our talk, the doorbell rang, and while Guattari answered, I excused myself for a few minutes. When I returned, he introduced me to a lean, greying man, Toni Negri, whose mail Guattari was receiving and who had an appointment with Guattari. I took my leave, and saw Guattari again only once, in 1990 in Baton Rouge at Louisiana State U, where he presented an edited version of his _Les trois e'cologies_ (The Three Ecologies).
II. Machinic
1. "Minor literature"
CS: You have often referred to works by particular American authors as forms of deterritorialization, and I'd like to situate these reflections in relation to what you've said about "minor literature" (_litte'rature mineure_).\23 Specifically, when you speak of one or several "minor literature(s)", are these necessarily forms of deterritorialization, and if so, how?
FG: In Kafka's writing, this kind of deterritorialization of language is obvious. That is, his work is located on an edge, a border, at the limit of a huge aggregate in order to deterritorialize, a way of fighting a kind of "en-sobering", of making sober, an active return to sobriety of language. One finds this process of deterritorialization, for example, in Samuel Beckett's works, an impoverishment that at the same time is a placing into intensity, an intensification of expression. So, I hadn't thought about it, but in fact, one could make an equation by saying that whenever a marginality, a minority, becomes active, takes the word power (_puissance de verbe_), transforms itself into becoming, and not merely submitting to it, identical with its condition, but in active, processual becoming, it engenders a singular trajectory that is necessarily deterritorializing because, precisely, it's a minority that begins to subvert a majority, a consensus, a great aggregate. As long as a minority, a cloud, is on a border, a limit, an exteriority of a great whole, it's something that is rejected, something that is, by definition, marginalized. But here, this point, this object, begins to proliferate, to use categories suggested by Prigogine and Stengers,\24 begins to amplify, to recompose something that is no longer a totality, but that makes a former totality shift, detotalizes, deterritorializes an entity.
For example, to return to what we were saying earlier about the German Greens, one could say that this is more or less what seems to be produced: a few marginals, whom everybody made fun of, created an eruption in Parliament, and became representatives. They behave totally differently, for example, they have a rotation system, they change every two years, which makes quite a mess in the German or European Parliaments. And one realizes that the issues they are developing, that were marginal issues, are becoming not major issues, but issues that upset the whole society, not only their ecological theme because, in fact, people realize that the German forests are devastated, and that the Greens have been announcing it for twenty years; but also because these are attitudes that question the regular hierarchy, the orders of value, etc., and this is what I call the process of singularization: what was ranked as being ordered, coordinated, referenced, now one no longer knows: what is the face, what are they doing, what is the reference. The system of values is inverted.
I lived that myself during May '68. I had the impression sometimes of walking on the ceiling, of not knowing any more what was going on, when I found myself in the occupied areas of the Sorbonne where I had been a student, where I had been completely bored, the amphitheater Richelieu invaded by students writing graffiti everywhere. What was the order of the referenced, of the organized, of the coordinated is located in the order of process because, suddenly, there are singular elements that quit their enclosure, their singularity, their isolation and begin to be a kind of exploratory probe, a producing probe, precisely engendering systems of auto-reference. Instead of being referenced, they are producers of new types of reference, they are themselves their own referential until the moment when they are rearticulated, re-coordinated.
CS: So, this idea of "minor literature" is an auto-production, the production of new territories. And the question one asks is why you limit your examples, you and Deleuze, to reference points in the twentieth century? Aren't there writers in previous centuries who can also reveal these kinds of deterritorialization?
FG: Yes, certainly. It's a problem of familiarity. It's a little difficult because . . . I may be saying something stupid, but it seems to me that the examples of eruption of "becoming-minor" either have been completely buried, or have taken on considerable importance. For example, Jean-Jacques Rousseau could have been a minor writer, but on the contrary, he has a fantastic importance (as perhaps Artaud will have tomorrow), being classified as a principal writer of the twentieth century. I even think this is presently taking place.
So, I don't know. One really has to see the "minor" a bit in its nascent state, one has to see it a bit closer to oneself because the historically distant "minor" has perhaps a different impact. I don't know, I haven't thought about this question.
2. _A Thousand Plateaus_: A "speculative cartography"
[FG's answers to the following sets of questions correspond to the various schema that he was preparing in the mid-/late 1980s for his seminars and, eventually, for publication in _Cartographies schizoanalytiques_ (abbreviated Cs), neither of which I had access to at the time. In revising the text below, I attempt to clarify the dense conceptual terrain, to the extent possible, with reference to Cs.]\25
CS: I'd like to ask several questions going into some detail about ATP. Referring to two terms, "faciality" (the subject of plateau 7, "Year Zero -Faciality"), and another term, "hecce'ite'" (introduced in plateau 10, "1730 - Becoming-Intense, Becoming-Animal, Becoming-Imperceptible..."), could you explain what place these concepts hold in rhizoanalysis and to what regimes of signs they correspond? For example, what is the relationship of "faciality" with "black holes", and what is the function of "haecceity" in the cartographic process?
FG: Oh, la la. That's enormous. I'd really have to develop a very complex overview. We need to consider a separate speculative cartography, divided between two logics: a cardologic, i.e. the logic of discursive aggregates, and an ordologic, the logic of bodies without organs.\26
Under the first logic, there are discursive systems, there is always an aggregate to connect to another aggregate, it engenders a meaning effect, that can refer you to another meaning effect, creating a double articulation. There is the arbitrary nature of the relationship: for example, one might be a phonological chain and the other the semantic content, but the double articulation can be triple because there is no primacy of the double articulation. But, each time that there are these deep structures of meaning, there are also what I call primary modules of enunciation that then correspond to an ordological aggregate, i.e. they aren't discursive. With this in mind, they nonetheless compose subjective agglomerations as well, agglomerates, constellations, but that do not accede to expression in the direction of discursive differentiation, but that emerge in a phenomenon of counter-meaning, which at one moment is a statement (_e'nonce'_), for example, the dream -- by the way, I'm going to do an analysis of the dream from this perspective\27 --which is caught in paradigmatic coordinates, in energetic coordinates; it (the statement) also serves in the other direction as enunciator (_e'nonciateur_).
So let's say that there is triple division (_tripartition_) of the referential or auto-referential activity of enunciation that goes in the direction of the discursivity-logic (the cardologic) such that one can bracket, completely set aside the problematic of enunciation. But where the problematic reappears is when a statement functions as organizer of the enunciation; in that case, it's according to completely different logical norms because the statement functions to agglomerate, to juxtapose primary enunciators (under the ordologic). It's in this way that we see the double impact of a statement that can work, function both in the direction of discursive aggregates and in the direction of what I call "synapses."
So, we can divide a graph into four categories: the categories of material, signaletic Flows and of machinic Phyla (under the cardologic), and the categories of existential Territories and of a-corporal Universes (under the ordologic).\28 The a-corporal Universes would be precisely everything that becomes detached from this primary enunciation, all the pseudo-deep structures of enunciation because here (under the ordologic) everything is flat, whereas (under the cardologic) there are effectively deep structures with all kinds of paradigms that intersect.\29 So, when all the coordinates are unified, these are capitalistic coordinates; if not unified, these are what one can call regional or local coordinates.\30
All this is to tell you that with "faciality," you have a face there (under the machinic phylum, in the synapses), a face that can be situated in different coordinates, it's big, it's small, it's white, it's like this or that; one can put it in all the paradigmatic coordinates. One can make a content analysis: what is that face? But certain traits of this face can be detached from this cardology and function in the ordological logic, and then it's the father's superego-ish mustache, the grimace, or the gaze of Christ looking at you, and that then is a discursive chain, but that doesn't function in those cardological coordinates, but functions to put on a mask, to coagulate, to constellate, some subjective enunciators. It's a bit in the general lineage of the Lacanian object small-a, it's a generalized function of the object small-c or transitional object.\31 It's this kind of object that one finds in dreams, in fantasms, in delirium, or in religion. It's an object that functions on two registers: in one register, let's say, of an aesthetic unconscious because we can say that it has an aesthetic unconscious, and in a machinic unconscious. So, the haecceity is the fact that it occurs as an event, but when it emerges, it has always-already been there, it is always everywhere. It's like the smile of the Cheshire cat in Lewis Carroll's Alice, it's everywhere, in the entire universe.\32 So there remains a paradox to consider, this logic of the event that is dated, situated, articulated by a particular use, a sign-function. But the sign has this double import, that's why a few years ago -- this is another theme -- I preferred to talk about a "point-sign" entity, because it's a sign in so far as being a surplus-value of meaning that emerges from this relationship of repetition. But it begins to function as a point of materialization of enunciation at the same time as it is this element that is going to catalyze an existential constellation. It's something that isn't at all extraordinary in the long run since, if you think about it, in the entire cybernetic economy, there is the "formalism" function of significations that are articulated in many signs, but there is also the material function of the sign that functions like a signal, like a release mechanism (_de'clencheur_), a material release mechanism with its own energy, with its own consistency, with threshold phenomena. So I think that it's entirely essential to forge a "point-sign" category in which semiotics has an impact in release effects (_effets de de'clenchement_). There is a particular moment when a sign passes into act, but its way of passing into act is something inscribed in machines, in recordings, in releases, in release mechanisms; I'm working on this subject in an article for one of Prigogine's colloquia where I'll speak, an article on semiotic energetics. There is a semiotic energetics as well.\33
CS: How could one translate this schema into political terms?
FG: In political terms, one asks: what are the statements, what are the representations of images, of echos, of faces that, at a certain moment, result in this: instead of hearing/understanding (_entendre_) a discourse, a statement is existentializing, and an effect of subjectivity is crystallized, an effect not only crystallized on the mode of representation, but on the mode of enacting (_mise en acte_)? All at once, that [effect] begins to exist. That's when saying is existing; it's no longer when saying is doing or when saying is making exist. From this results the fact that there's a particular usage of language since a mode of politics can be completely aberrant from the point of view of meaning, like a ritual usage or religious activity. The whole question is knowing if this usage can be compatible with a perspective of desire, with an aesthetic perspective, or another operation, or if it's a way to construct an a-subjective subjectivity.
3. _A Thousand Plateaus_: "Becoming-woman"
CS: I'd like to return to one of the areas you touched on earlier, i.e. feminism, in order to consider the term "becoming-woman," whether this conception still functions, if it was a conception that had an historical specificity at a given moment or if it's still valid today. It's a term to which certain feminists react in a very negative way.
FG: In the United States? Because that's not everywhere, there are some feminists who react to it quite well.
CS: In the United States and in France.
FG: About the "becoming-woman" question? I didn't know.
CS: Oh yes. One objection is that one finds "becoming-woman", especially in _A Thousand Plateaus_, in a kind of progression -- becoming-woman, becoming-animal, becoming-child, then becoming-molecular, and finally becoming-imperceptible --, and so the question: why "woman" at the beginning of this progression? Why is there this sort of questioning of femininity? Where is the woman, where is the woman's body in all that?\34
FG: There is no rigorous dialectic, there is no series of connections like _The Phenomenology of Mind_. But simply, the departure from binary power relations, from phallic relations, is on the side of the "woman" alternative; the promotion of a new kind of gentleness, a new kind of domestic relationship; the departure from this, one might say, elementary dimension of power that the conjugal unit represents, it's on the side of woman and on the side of the child such that, in some ways, the promotion of values, of a new semiotics of the body and sexuality, passes necessarily through the woman, through "becoming-woman". And this "becoming-woman" isn't reserved to women, this could be a "becoming-homosexual" . . . To present this simply, brutally: if you want to be a writer, if you want to have a "becoming-letters", you are necessarily caught in a "becoming-woman". That might be manifested to a great extent through homosexuality, admitted or not, but this is a departure from a "grasping," power's will to circumscribe that exists in the world of masculine power values. Let's say that this is the first sphere of explosion of phallic power, therefore of binary power, of the surface-depth power (_pouvoir figure-fond_) of affirmation. Obviously, it doesn't end there, for this "becoming-woman" is nonetheless to a great extent in a relationship, even indirect, of dependence vis-?-vis masculine power so that it might rapidly be reconverted into the form of masculinized power.
There are other becomings that are much more multivocal, that are much more liberated from this bi-univocity, from these binary relations of woman-man, yin-yang, etc. So these are the other becomings that you've enumerated that . . . well, it's obvious that animal-becomings, for example in Kafka, offer an exploratory spectrum of intensities, of sensitivities, that is much larger than a simple binary alternative, that also exists in Kafka, but there are binary machinic alternatives in his work: think of his magnificent short story, "Blumfeld", where you have a little ping-pong ball bouncing like that. So, the "becoming-woman" has no priority, it's no more of a matrix than a "becoming-plant", than a "becoming-animal", than a "becoming-abstract", than a "becoming-molecular"; it's a direction. Toward what? Quite simply, toward another logic, or rather a logic I've called "machinic", an existential machinic, i.e. no longer a reading of a pure representation, but a composition of the world, the production of a body without organs in the sense that the organs there are no longer in a relationship of surface-depth positionality, do not postulate a totality itself referenced on other totalities, on other systems of signification that are, in the end, forms of power. Rather, these are forms of intensity, forms of existence-position that construct time as they represent it, exactly like in art, forms that construct coordinates of existence at the same time as they live them.
4. _A Thousand Plateaus_: The "Body without organs"
CS: You've suggested this term "body without organs" that continues to cause problems for your readers, and I'd like to pursue this idea: in the plateau 6 of ATP, the chapter "How Do You Make Yourself make A Body Without Organs?", you compare the relationship between the organism and the body without organs to the relationship between two key terms suggested to Carlos Castaneda by Don Juan in _Tales of Power_, the "Tonal" (the organism, significance, the subject, all that is organized and organizing in/for these elements), and the "Nagual" (the whole of the Tonal in conditions of experimentation, of flow, of becomings, but without destruction of the Tonal).\35 This correspondence between your terms and the Tonal/Nagual couple created some problems for me to the extent that the Nagual seems to correspond to the general "plane of consistency," to the bodies without organs which you pluralize in this plateau. Could you explain the difference between the various forms of bodies without organs (for example, you designate a particular body without organs for junkies and some other very specific forms of bodies without organs) and the more general Body without Organs? FG: Listen. In this, I think we'd get quickly locked into a misunderstanding if I passed the time making a zoological description of bodies without organs, a taxonomy of bodies without organs since, as I just told you, to make oneself a body without organs, starting with drugs, with a love experience, with poetry, with any creation, is essentially to produce a cartography, that has this particular characteristic: that one cannot distinguish it [the cartography] from the existential territory which [the cartography] represents. There is no difference between the map and the territory. That means that there is no transposition, that there is no translatability, and therefore no possible taxonomy. The modelization here is a producer of existence.
So you'll say: in that case, why use general terms like "body without organs", etc. (and God knows that with Deleuze, we've had no trouble creating them)? Yes, but then one must distinguish between what I call a speculative cartography, concepts of trans-modelization, and then the instruments of direct modelization, i.e. a concrete cartography. To push the paradox to its limit, I'd say that the interest of a speculative cartography is that it be as far away as possible, that it have no pretention of accounting for concrete cartographies. This is its difference from a scientific activity. Science is conceived to propose the semiotization which accounts for practical experience. For us, it's just the opposite! The less we'll account for things, the farther we'll be from these concrete cartographies, those of Castaneda or psychotics (which are more or less the same in this case), and the more we can hope to profit from this activity of speculative cartography.
That appears absurd, but think about aesthetics: aesthetics isn't something that gives you recipes to make a work of art. And in some ways, for it to *make* an impact, it must be totally disconnected, unaligned vis-?-vis this perspective of accounting for a pragmatic or artistic activity. The speculative cartography, just like any theology or philosophy, isn't there to provide an inventory of these different modes of invention of existence, of sensitivity, of productions of new types of intensity.
5. _A Thousand Plateaus_: Modes of encoding and a-signifying semiotics
CS: What you just said reminds me of something in _La Re'volution mole'culaire_, where you distinguish different modes of encoding. The third order of these modes of encoding is the mode of a-signifying semiotics, i.e. signs functioning and producing in the Real, on the very level of the Real. As an example, you suggested physics; does this connect with what you just said about science, i.e. science as a means of directly recognizing processes in the Real or an a-signifying semiotics, opposed to other forms of semiotics?
FG: Let's understand each other. The same semiotic material can be functioning in different registers. A material can both be caught in paradigmatic chains of production, chains of signification (under the cardologic), but at the same time can function in an a-signifying register (the ordologic). So what determines the difference? In one case, a signifier functions in what one might call a logic of discursive aggregates, i.e. a logic of representation. In the other case, it functions in something that isn't entirely a logic, what I've called an existential machinic, a logic of bodies without organs, a machinic of bodies without organs. In that case, what are we talking about? We're no longer talking about representing, but of enunciating, of creating what one might call an existential enunciation (_e'nonciation existentielle_), a production of subjectivity, a production of new coordinates, an auto-coordination, an auto-referentiation. In the domain of the logic of discursive aggregates (the cardologic), there's an exo-referentiation; there's a referent, like in Peircian semiotics, where there is always a third term, a ternary nature which refers at one remove to the semiotic reference, whereas there (under the ordologic), it's the same mechanism, inside this ternary nature, it's the auto-positionality of subjectivity that asserts itself there, that asserts itself on all sorts of levels, on a modular level or on an incomplete level. It's a very complex level of collective assemblage.
So, just like this example of the domain that has "speech acts" at the level of enunciation, that has an engendering pragmatic of subjectivity through speech acts (to use Searle's categories, etc.), there are also "science acts" or "art acts" that produce an enunciation and not a subjectivity. A scientific enunciation that produces quarks or a reading of the "Big Bang" of the universe, what occurs there? It produces semiotic entities that allow us to think about and connect completely disparate events. But we can't say that these semiotic events are in a relationship of correspondence with a being who might be caught in a relationship of denotation. These entities obviously produce a vision of the world, they produce a world, they produce universes of reference that have their own logic in the same way that a musician like Debussy, at one point, invented a new type of relationship of musical writing, a new type of scale, a new type of melodic and harmonic line, and suddenly produced new universes and fertilized an entire series of machinic phyla for the future of music. It's a universe production, an enunciation production. In one sense, it's true that at this vital level of the semiotic production of enunciation, I think that one can liken scientific activity to artistic activity, not to devalue it, but on the contrary, to re-evaluate it. I think that in this case, considering the work of people like Kuhn and a certain number of epistemologists, one might give greater value to the character of creativity and collective creation brought forth by traditionally opposed fields like science, social activity, art, etc. (Pause).? You don't look very satisfied.
CS: I'm still trying to situate the idea of an a-signifying semiotic.
FG: OK, here it is. What is important in this a-signifying character, in this a-signifying vacillation of chains that elsewhere could be meaningful? It's the following: first, a spectrum of a-signifying, discreet signs in limited number gives a power of representation, i.e. on a spectrum that I master, that I articulate, I can pretend to take account of a signified description (_tableau signifie'_), on an initial level. But obviously, this doesn't stop here. This subjectivation that I lose starting from this a-signifying spectrum, gives me an extraordinary surplus-value of power; i.e., it opens fields of the possible that aren't at all in a bi-univocal relationship with the description presented. When Debussy invented a pentatonic scale, he wrote his own music; perhaps he felt it at a level we might call "his inspiration," but he engendered abstract machinic relationships, a new musical logic that has implications, that represents trees of implication or, we really must say, rhizomes of implication, completely unforeseen in all sorts of other levels, including levels that aren't, strictly speaking, musical. It is precisely on the condition that this constitution, that this semiotic arbitrarization occurs, to generalize Saussure's notion of "arbitrary" in regard to signifier and signified, that there also will be the creation of these coefficients of the possible. If the representation of coding codes too much on the signified description, the signifier is like a cybernetic "feedback" and, in the long run, does not carry an important coefficient of creativity, of transversality. On the other hand, as soon as there is this arbitrarization and this creation of a spectrum that plays on its own register as an abstract machine, then there are possibilities of unheard-of connections, there is a possible crossover from one order to another, and then, moreover, there is a considerable multiplication of what I call these spectrums of the possible.
CS: I'd like to connect this idea to popular, modern music: do you think that there are groups or singers who are going in this direction?
FG: I'll take the example of a musician who isn't at all a popular musician, who's really difficult to categorize, Aperghis, who creates gestual music and theater and who composes his music simultaneously with his gestures. One can really see that he creates a gestual spectrum, a spectrum of expression, a possibility of nearly baroque composition, in the sense of baroque music by Bach or Handel, from the simple fact that he creates this detachment of a gesture out of gesticulation itself, a detachment of faciality out of faces, etc. There is an entire scenic writing, an entire deterritorialization of scenes onto an aggregate that brings this along.
So, some examples: I don't see why you want me to give examples of popular music which are generally reterritorializations. However, there is one that immediately occurs to me, it's break dancing and music, all these dances which are both hyper-territorialized and hyper-corporal, but that, at the same time, make us discover spectrums of possible utilization, completely unforeseen traits of corporality, and that invent a new grace of entirely unheard-of possibilities of corporality. I've also been fascinated -- but this isn't popular music either -- by Chicago blues, the Chicago school, because these monstrous, elephantine instruments like the bass, they begin to fly with unheard-of lightness and richness . . .
Here's another amazing work of composition, a record by Bonzo Goes to Washington entitled "Five Minutes," a CCC Club Mix.
CS: Oh, right, it's developed from Reagan's statement on the radio announcing that he was ready to drop the bomb on the Russians in five minutes.
FG: That's it. Let's listen to this:
[Song: in a slowed down recording, Ronald Reagan says in a bass
voice: "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that
I've signed legislation that would outlaw Russia forever. We
begin bombing in five minutes." There follows a very rhythmic
music dominated by drumbeat and bass guitar, on top of which the
lyrics consist of the recurrence of various syllables of
Reagan's statement, repeated in such a way as to create a
"song". For example:
"Bombing in five minutes, bombing in five minutes,?
I'm pleased to tell you today that, I'm pleased to
tell you today that, to tell you today, to tell you
today, to tell you today, to tell you today,
Bombing in five minutes, five minutes ..."
This continues for about five minutes with different variations
between rhythms and Reagan's words, sometimes accelerated,
sometimes slowed down, always distorted.]
CS: One of the "composers" of this "mix", Jerry Harrison, is one of the four members of Talking Heads, and Bootsy Collins is the leader of a group called The Rubber Band, a group of black singers who are, in some ways, precursors of break music.
6. _A Thousand Plateaus_: The "war machine" and "striated" vs."smooth" space
CS: I have a final question about a term which you suggest in ATP in plateau 12, the concept of "war machine." This concept is paradoxical to the extent that it does not have "war" as its object, and that this term is currently used in the militaristic milieu to designate the military apparatus of the super-powers. But the "war machine", if I understand it correctly, is a machine _against_ this militarism. So, there's a dual problem: first, how does one resolve this paradox, but also, for the translators of your works, especially of ATP, doesn't this term "war machine" run the risk of stifling acceptance of these concepts?
FG: It's not a matter of a power formation, but of machinic, deterritorialized elements, that are placed into operation in a social situation, of which military incarnation does not acknowledge the character that, when it's a war machine, it can be a scientific war machine, an aesthetic war machine, a loving war machine. Courtly love is a kind of war machine of "woman-becomings", the transformation of relationships with women. And that refers back to machinic phyla, and the war machine is its abstract, mutational name.
Why do we call it "war machine"? Because, after all, it is the coveted object of State power that constitutes an army seeking to take hold of this war machine, just as capitalism wants to capture all the technical-scientific machines and all the elements of deterritorialization to incorporate it into its segmentarity. [cf. ATP, cf.13] So, to some extent, we accept the ambiguity since the problem remains complete; there isn't a good war machine and a bad, a good science and a bad. There is this fact that the most deterritorialized elements and, let's say, the most potentially creative are precisely at the heart of armies, of State machines, of oppressive powers, just as fascism is really an example as equally at the heart of desire.
CS: In the schema you just developed [of the "speculative cartography"], where do you situate the concepts of "striated" and "smooth" space?
FG: "Striated" space is all that comes under the energetic-spatio-temporal coordinates; it's numbered space (under the cardologic), whereas there (under the ordologic), it's the numbering domain. [cf. Appendix] So, one can't call it a space, that's saying too much, it's just "smoothness", both in a content and in an absolute ethericity (_etherge'te'_). For example, subjectivity is presented like a continuum: in subjectivity, there is your subjectivity, there's the whole world, there's no possibility of numbering subjectivity; and yet, it is singular, it maintains differential relations of intensity.
So, "striated" space is the energetic-spatio-temporal; I'd like to make a logical category out of energy. Under the category of material, signaletic Flows, the modules are primary modules of actuation, and on these modules of actuation are developed the deep and pseudo-deep structures. The symmetrical difference is that there (under the machinic Phyla), there are surplus-values that give a space of coordinates of differentiation, but there (under the ordologic), there is a total phenomenological flattening, i.e. it relates to analyses by Searle and other phenomenologists, that, after all, an existence's relation of intelligibility passes through a sort of total solipsism of existential relationships. One only has knowledge of an existence in so far as one is oneself in the field of existential, and even imperialistic, relationships.
I've presented my whole seminar for three years on this; I've received a stack of reports up to here by psychoanalysts.
Under the machinic phyla are situated the synapses, i.e. the points of reversal in which the module, instead of going in the direction of differentiation, goes from a differentiated point toward points which are non-differentiatable, there and there (under the ordologic); there are no deep structures at that level, all the parenthesism is called forth. Let's say that there (under the existential territory), it's visual perception, the sex, so that it's all the same to have an existential access to visual perception or to sex or to a collective enunciation; there is no means to pry it loose (_de'coller_). Sartre described it, I had a sexual appreciation of the charismatic leader, I exist it/him (_je l'existe_), I can't put him in the same coordinates, it's the same object that hands him over to me, this idea of existential "grasping".
CS: Are "synapses" faciality as well?
FG: Well, no, that was only one example; they could be anything, they could be a partial object, a haecceity, a refrain (_ritournelle_), anything. That was a way of providing an example.
CS: And you said, about the synapses, that they also relate to the object small-a?
FG: For me, yes, it's a generalization. Just as my notion of "machine" was a generalization of Lacan's "small-a" notion, the notion of "machinic phylum" is the double play of the machine that is both in the order of mechanical coordinates, let's say, and at the same time, is life itself, both the most mechanical and the most living. Because it's from there that the fields of the possible are created as well as the existential agglomeration.
But then, if we start off in that direction, toward this kind of analysis, we'll never get out of it.
*********
Notes [to second section, "Machinic"]
\1 For helping me formulate many of the questions examined in this discussion, I must thank Jack Amariglio, Serge Bokobza, Rosi Braidotti, Peter Canning, Stanley Gray, Lawrence Grossberg, Alice Jardine, Charles D. Leayman, Vincent Leitch, Stamos Metzidakis, and Paul Patton. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Committee on Grants of Franklin and Marshall College for the research support which it awarded me for this interview project. [fn's 2-22 correspond to section 1, "Pragmatic", separate post]
\23 Gilles Deleuze and Fe'lix Guattari, _Kafka. Pour une litte'rature mineure_ (Paris: Minuit, 1975); _Kafka. Toward a Minor Literature_, trans. Dana Polan (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1986), and ATP 105.
\24 Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, _La Nouvelle Alliance: Me'tamorphoses de la science_ (Paris: Gallimard, 1979). A revised translation appears as _Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature_ (New York: Bantam, 1984).
\25 The terminological density of this "cartography" arises from Guattari's attempt to re-conceptualize the unconscious and subjectivity without falling into the "topical petrification" of the Freudian and Lacanian psychic agencies. As he says in Cs, "we believe it necessary for reconstructing the analysis of formations of the Unconscious to minimize as much as reasonably possible the use of notions such as subjectivity, consciousness, meaning (_signifiance_)... understood as impermeable, transcendental entities for concrete situations. The most abstract and most radically a-corporal references are attached to the real; they cross into the most contingent Flows and Territories. . . . Thus, we have deliberately chosen to consider situations only from the perspective of intersections of Assemblages (_carrefours d'Agencements_), that secrete, up to a certain point, their own coordinates of meta-modelization. An intersection can, of course, impose connections; but it does not constitute a fixed limit; it can be sidestepped; its linking power can decrease when certain of its components lose their consistency" (Cs 36; all translations my own).
\26 For readers familiar with FG's own work on the "machinic unconscious," contemporary with ATP, in _L'Inconscient machinique_ (Fontenay-sous-Bois: Recherches, 1979), what Guattari calls therein a "generative schizo-analysis" would correspond to the "concrete cartography," "whose objective is to bring to light _new machinic meanings/directions_ in situations where everything seems determined in advance" (IM, p.192), i.e. molecular politics in action. On the other hand, what he designates as "transformational schizo-analysis" (IM, pp.193-196) and "three-dimensional schizo-analysis" (IM, pp.196-199) would correspond to the "speculative cartography", i.e. the "machinic kernels (_noyaux machiniques_) that both detach assemblages from the rest of the world and connect them to the whole of the 'mecanosphere.' Each living being, each process of enunciation, each psychic instance, each social formation is necessarily connected to (mechanically subjugated by) a intersection-point (_point-carrefour_)," i.e. the "synapses", "between, on the one hand, its particular position on the objective phylum of concrete machines," i.e. the "material flows", "and on the other hand, the hooking of its formula for existence onto the plane of consistency of abstract machines," i.e. the "ordologic." "It's up to the machinic kernels to hold together these two kinds of branching so that the most abstract machines are able to find their path to manifestation and so that the most material machines are able to find their path to metabolization and, eventually, to semiotization" (IM, pp.197-198).
During our discussion, FG traced out a schema of this speculative cartography, the terms of which he would later develop in Cs, there abandoning the starkly binary cardologic/ordologic distinction. I have nonetheless reconstituted the 1985 schema and attempted to enhance it based on FG's answers to later questions.
\27 An example of this analysis appears in Guattari's "Les reves de Kafka," _change International_ 3 (May 1985). See also in Cs, "Les ritournelles de l'Etre et du Sens (l'analyse du r?ve d'A.D.)" 235-249.
\28 In figure 1 of Cs, FG traces a square matrix at the angles of which are situated four categories of _foncteurs_, or "performants": at bottom left are the "material and signaletic Flows [F.] (libido, capital, signifier, work)"; at top left, the "machinic Phylum [phi]"; at bottom right, "existential Territories [T.]"; at top right, "a-corporal Universes [U.] (qualified as _conscientiels_ [conscious-als]". Between each angle are both vertical (phi--F.; U.--T.) and horizontal (phi--U.; F.--T.) connections: the verticals are reciprocally linked (via a single unbroken line with arrows at both ends) and designated as (phi--F.) "processes of objective (content) deterritorialization -- Expression" and (U.--T.) as Processes of subjective (enunciation) deterritorialization"; the horizontals axes each contain two lines, a one-way unbroken line pointing from right to left (i.e. from U. to phi and from T. to F.) and a one-way broken line pointing from left to right (i.e. from phi to U. and from F. to T.). The upper lines (phi--U.) are designated as relations of "propositional Discursivity", the lower lines (F.--T.) as relations of "energetic Discursivity".
\29 FG introduces figure 1 in Cs as follows: "The category of deterritorialization should allow us to separate the problematic of consciousness -- and consequently, of the unconscious -- with the problematic of the representation of the I/ego (_Moi_) and of the unity of the person. The idea of a totalizing, indeed totalitarian, consciousness ('I am the master of my universe'), functions as a founding myth of capitalistic subjectivity. In fact, there only exist diversified processes of _conscientialisation_ ["consciousness-becoming"], resulting from the deterritorialization of existential Territories, equally multiple and overlapping. But, in turn, these different instruments of catalysis of a _pour-soi_ and of singularization modes of the relation to worlds of the _en-soi_ and of alter egos, can only acquire the consistency of an existential monad to the extent that they [the instruments] succeed in affirming themselves in a second dimension of deterritorialization that I qualify as energetic discursivisation" (Cs 39).
\30 This distinction roughly corresponds to the more elaborate development of an "apparatus of capture" by the State in ATP ch.13. See also F?lix Guattari and Eric Alliez, "Le capital, en fin de compte," _change International_ 1 (Fall 1983), republished in _Les anne'es d'hiver_ 167-192, translated as "Capitalistic Systems, Structures and Processes" in _Molecular Revolution_.
\31 In _Psychanalyse et transversalite'_, Guattari states that the _institutional object_ (or "object-c") "complements the notion of 'part-object' in Freudian theory" (which Guattari associates with Lacan's "object-a") "and the notion of 'transitional object' in a manner derived from the definition given by D.W.. Winnicott" (or the "object-b") (PT 87-88). In _The Language of Psychoanalysis_ (London: Hogarth Press, 1973), J. Laplanche and J.-B. Pontalis define these latter "objects" as follows: the "part-object" is the "type of object towards which the component instincts are directed without this implying that a person as a whole is taken as love-object. In the main part-objects are parts of the body, real or phantasied (breast, faeces, penis), and their symbolic equivalents" (301); the "transitional object" is a term "to designate a material object with a special value for the suckling and young child, particularly when it is on the point of falling asleep (e.g. the corner of a blanket or napkin that is sucked)" (464). Guattari argues that while "'_Je est un autre_'" (Rimbaud's famous formula for the "I"'s alterity), "this other is not a subject. It's a signifying machine which predetermines what must be good or bad for me and my peers in a given area of consumption" (PT 93), i.e. a "group subjectivity" which unblocks the impasse of "repeated alterity" in which the grids of language capture the "object-a". This "object-c" is thus a fundamental principle of Guattari's clinical schizo-analytic practice: whereas the "object-a"'s "individual phantasy *represents* this impossible sliding of planes" thereby anchoring "desire onto the body's surface," "the group phantasy" (or object-c) "*superposes* the planes, exchanges and substitutes them" (PT 244-245), allowing a collective enunciation of group subjectivity which is "an *absolute prerequisite* for the emergence of any individual subjectivity" (PT 90). See Guattari's essay "Machine and Structure" (PT 240-248; _Molecular Revolution_ 111-119).
\32 In ATP, Deleuze and Guattari derive the concept of "haecceity" from Duns Scotus, and use it to suggest a "thisness," a mode of individuation distinct from that of a person, a thing, or a subject: "It is the entire assemblage in its individuated aggregate that is a haecceity; it is this assemblage that is defined by a longitude and a latitude, by speeds and affects, independently of forms and subjects which belong to another plane. It is the wolf itself, and the horse, and the child, that cease to be subjects to become events, in assemblages that are inseparable from an hour, a season, an atmosphere, an air, a life. . . . A haecceity has neither beginning nor end, origin nor destination; it is always in the middle. It is not made of points, only of lines. It is rhizome" (ATP 262-63).
\33 The second chapter of Cs is entitled "Energetic semiotics, that FG introduces as follows: "Before developing my own conceptions on the topic of 'schizoanalytic cartographies,' I will briefly examine certain invalidating effects from the importation of thermodynamic notions into the human and social sciences. I will also evoke the stroke of genius, not to say stroke of madness, that led Freud to invent _a semiotic energetics_, of which the first theorizations, despite their naively scientifistic character, were, in the final analysis, less reductionist than those that he was to develop subsequently, in the context of the institutionalization of psychoanalysis" (Cs 67). The five sub-divisions of this chapter are: "The Entropic Superego," "The Freudian Semiotic Energetics," "The Schizoanalytic Unconscious," "Non-separability, Separation, and Quantification," and "The Cartography of Assemblages" (67-92).
\34 For discussions of the concept of "becoming-woman," see Alice A. Jardine, _Gynesis: Configurations of Woman and Modernity_ (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1985) 209-17; Brian Massumi, _A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia_ (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992) 86-89; Elizabeth Grosz, "A Thousand Tiny Sexes: Feminism and Rhizomatics," in _Gilles Deleuze and the Theater of Philosophy_, ed. Constantin V. Boundas and Dorothea Olkowski (New York: Routledge, 1994) 187-210. \35 Carlos Castaneda, _Tales of Power_ (New York: Pocket Books, 1974; 1976), especially part two, "The Tonal and the Nagual", as well as ATP 161-62.